Which of the following painters is associated with the New York Hudson River School in the mid-19th century?

The association of Thomas Cole with the Hudson River School is rooted in his founding role within this influential American art movement in the mid-19th century. The Hudson River School is known for its stunning landscapes that emphasize the beauty of the American wilderness, particularly the Hudson River Valley and surrounding regions. Cole’s work often depicted the natural landscape with an emphasis on atmospheric effects and a dramatic interplay of light and shadow, capturing both the sublime beauty of nature and the spiritual connection to the land.

In contrast, the other painters listed are not associated with the Hudson River School. Claude Monet is recognized as a leading figure in the Impressionist movement in France, focusing on capturing light and its changing qualities in his outdoor scenes. Vincent van Gogh is known for his Post-Impressionist style, characterized by bold colors and expressive brushwork, which diverges significantly from the Hudson River School's focus on realistic landscapes. Pablo Picasso, a pioneer of Cubism, moved away from traditional representation altogether, focusing on abstract forms and innovative stylistic expressions. Therefore, Thomas Cole stands out as the painter intrinsically linked to the Hudson River School, embodying its themes and ideals.