What printing technique uses a flat surface for image creation and is known for its rich textures?

Lithography is a printing technique that utilizes a flat surface, which can be made from stone or metal. The fundamental principle behind lithography is the immiscibility of oil and water; artists create an image using an oily medium on the flat surface, which is then treated with a chemical process that allows ink to adhere only to the oily portions. This technique is renowned for producing rich textures and fine details, making it a popular choice for artists seeking to replicate their work with intricate qualities.

Lithography stands out because it allows for the direct application of an artistic image without the need for carving or etching into the surface, which can be more labor-intensive and less adaptable in terms of texture variability. The flat nature of lithography contributes significantly to its ability to maintain those rich textures, resulting in print outcomes that capture the nuance of the artist's hand.