What does the term 'sfumato' refer to in art?

The term 'sfumato' is derived from the Italian word meaning "gone up in smoke," which aptly captures the essence of this painting technique. Sfumato is characterized by the subtle and gradual blending of colors and tones, allowing for soft transitions between light and shadow without any harsh edges or outlines. This creates an atmospheric quality in the work, often conveying depth and volume, which is particularly evident in portraits. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci notably employed sfumato in their work, exemplifying its ability to produce realistic and lifelike forms through a delicate misty effect. This technique differs from other methods of representation, such as chiaroscuro, which focuses more on the stark contrast between light and dark areas rather than the smooth blending of tones.